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30.在翻译过程中，如何进行分译与合译？ 所谓分译是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。所谓合译是指把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复杂句在译文中用一个单句来表达。 （1）分译 1）词语搭配分译 英语词语的搭配关系与汉语有较大差别，比如，英语词语
30.在翻译过程中，如何进行分译与合译？
所谓分译是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。所谓合译是指把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复杂句在译文中用一个单句来表达。
（1）分译
1）词语搭配分译
英语词语的搭配关系与汉语有较大差别，比如，英语词语可以同两个以上的词搭配，而相应的汉语词语却无法实现。有效的解决办法之一是根据原义和汉语搭配习惯把该词相应地译成两个词，然后分别同原来的两个（或更多）搭配对象组成词组。
经典例题127 This military maneuver strained the government‘s principles as well as their budgets.
参考译文这种军事演习使政府的原则无法自圆其说，也使其预算捉襟见肘。
2）词语脱句分译
在英语句子中有一种情况，即修饰性词语是作者的主观评论，而被修饰的词语是对事实的客观描述。这种搭配关系不适合汉语的表达方式。需要将修饰词从句子中拆出，另外扩展成单独的子句。
经典例题128 The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their speedy economic evelopment.
参考译文中国人以他们的经济发展速度感到自豪，这是无可非议的。
3）句子分译
经典例题129 e law of universal gravitation states that every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
参考译文万有引力定律，宇宙中每个质点都以一种力吸引其他各个质点。这种力与各质点的质量的乘积成正比，与它们之间距离的平方成反比。
经典例题130 e research work is being done by a small group of dedicated and imaginative scientists who specialize in extracting from various sea animals substances that may improve the health of the human race.
参考译文一小部分富有想像力和敬业精神的科学家正在进行这项研究，他们专门研究从各种海洋动物中提取能增进人类健康的物质。
（2）合译
经典例题131 He was very clean.His mind was open.
参考译文他为人单纯而坦率。
经典例题132 There are men here from all over the country.Many of them are from the South.
参考译文从全国各地来的人中有许多是南方人。
31.在翻译过程中，如何进行语态转换？
由于在英汉两种语言当中都有主动和被动两种语态，在英译汉时，人们常常会简单地认为只要按照原句的语态处理就行了。事实上并非如此。在英语中被动语态的使用频率要远远
高于汉语。如果一味按照英语的语态来翻译，往往会使译文显得十分别扭，带有明显的翻译腔，甚至出现文理不通的情况。
（1）主动句转换成被动句
经典例题133 There are more than60，000 prosecutions a year for shoplifting.
参考译文每年有六万多人因在超市偷窃而被起诉。
（2）被动句转换成主动句
1）转换成含被动义的主动句
汉语译文的句型从形式上看是主动语态，但其中被动的含义不言而喻。在翻译英语被动句时，一般不用改变原句的结构，直接译出即可。
经典例题134 If understanding prevails，UNCTAD is in a position to replace confrontation with agreement；it cannot be put off.
参考译文若能普遍形成谅解，联合国贸发会议就能用协议取代对抗；这项工作不能再拖延下去了。
经典例题135 Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily，only the question of when the transplanting will take place remains to be considered.
参考译文大部分问题已圆满解决，只剩下何时进行该移植手术问题有待讨论。
2）转换成带表语的主动句
英语中许多表示某种结果或状态的被动结构一般应转换成汉语的系表结构，把原句中的有关状语或施事方移到汉语的表语之中。
经典例题136 A dialect is known by every linguist in this room.
参考译文有一种方言是在座的每一位语言学家都懂得的。
3）转换成无主句无主句是汉语特有的句子形式，其作用和效果相当于英语中无施事方的被动句，因而可以用来翻译某些英语被动形式。
经典例题137 It must be admitted that only when we get a taste of its abuse will we feel the full meaning of cloning.
参考译文必须承认，只有当我们尝到克隆被滥用的恶果之后，我们才会彻底明白其价值所在。
经典例题138 It is reported that robots，instead of human beings，are doing jobs as to assemble parts in dangerous environment in our country.
参考译文据报道，我国已用机器人代替人去做危险环境下的零件组装工作。4）转换成以施事方为主语的主动句
经典例题139 Our plans have been completely wrecked by bad weather.
参考译文恶劣的天气使我们的计划完全落空。
练习
Researchers investigating brain size and mental ability say their work offers evidence that education protects the mind from the brain‘s physical deterioration.
（61）It is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages，but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person.Interestingly，in a study of elderly men and women，those who had more education actually had more brain shrinkage.
That may seem like bad news，said study author Dr.Edward Coffey，a professor of psychiatry and of neurology at Henry Ford Health System in Detroit.
（62）However，he explained，the finding suggests that education allows people to withstand more brain tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down.
The study，published in the July issue of Neurology，is the first to provide biological evidence to support a concept called thereservehypothesis，accordi
ng to the researchers.In recent years，investigators have developed the idea that people who are more educated have greater cognitive reserves to draw upon as the brain ages；in essence，they have more brain tissue to spare.
（63）Examining brain scans（脑部扫描的X光片）of320healthy men and women aged66to90，researchers found that for each year of education the subjects had，there was greater shrink age of the outer layer of the brain known as the cortex（脑皮层）。Yet on tests of cognition and memory，all participants scored in the range indicating normal.
Everyone has some degree of brain shrinkage，Coffey said.People lose（on average）2.5percent per decade starting in adulthood.
There is，however，aremarkable rangeof shrinkage among people who show no signs of mental decline，Coffey noted.Overall health，he said，accounts for some differences in brain size.Alcohol or drug use，as well as medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure，contribute to brain tissue loss throughout adulthood.
In the absence of such medical conditions，Coffey said，education level helps explain the range of brain shrinkage exhibited among the mentally_fit elderly.The more_educated can withstand greater loss.
（64）Coffey and colleagues gauged shrinkage of the cortex by measuring the cerebrospinal fluid（脑脊液）surrounding the brain.The greater the amount of fluid，the greater the cortical（脑皮层的）shrinkage.Controlling for the health factors that contribute to brain injury，the researchers found that education was related to the severity of brain shrinkage.For each year of education from first grade on，subjects had an average of1.77milliliters11more cerebrospinal fluid around the brain.Just how education might affect brain cells is unknown.
（65）In their report，the researchers speculated that in people with more education，certain brain structures deeper than the cortex may stay intact to compensate for cortical shrinkage.
答案
文章大意：调查大脑体积和智力的人称，他们的研究提供的证据表明，接受教育能保护智力免受大脑自然衰退的影响。通过对脑脊液的观察测量，专家发现接受教育多的人脑脊液要多于那些教育层次低的人，这意味着他们脑皮层萎缩得快，表面看来这似乎不利，但实际上接受较多教育的人，他们能承受较多的脑组织萎缩。专家们推测这可能因为人脑中还有某些比脑皮层更深层次的结构，对大脑的退化起更关键的作用。
（61）结构分析：句子框架是It is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages，but the effects…are different from person to person.这是由but连接的两个并列句，意思转折，前一句是个主语从句，it是形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语，it is known翻译为众所周知。
参考译文：众所周知，大脑随着年龄的增长而萎缩，但是这对智力方面的影响却因人而异。
（62）结构分析：句子框架是However，he explained，the finding suggests that education allows people to withstand…before their mental functioning begins to break down.he explained是插入语。that引导宾语从句。在此从句中包含了一个由before引导的时间状语从句；suggest这里意思是表明，显示，break down翻译为崩溃。
参考译文：然而，他解释说，这项研究成果表明的是，接受过教育的人在大脑功能开始崩溃之前更能经受得住大脑组织的丧失。
（63）结构分析：句子框架是Examining brain scans…，researchers found that…there was greater shrink age of the outer layer of the brain known as the cortex（脑皮层）。examining…是现在分词结构作时间状语，that引导宾语从句。此从句是个there be句型；the subjects had作为定语从句修饰education；known as the cortex作定语，修饰the outer layer of the brain.
参考译文：研究人员对320名年龄在66岁到90岁的身体健康的男子和女子的脑部扫描X光片研究后发现，受试者的受教育经历每多一年，其大脑外层叫做脑皮层的部位就多一份缩。
（64）结构分析：句子框架是Coffey and colleagues gauged shrinkage of the cortex by measuring the cerebrospinal fluid（脑脊液）surrounding the brain.The greater the amount of fluid，the greater the cortical（脑皮层的）shrinkage.前一句是个简单句，直译即可，其中介词by引导的部分作方式状语；surrounding the brain现在分词作定语修饰fluid；后一句是the more…，the more…句型。
参考译文：科菲和同事们通过测量大脑周围脑脊液的体积而测算出大脑皮层的萎缩程度。脑脊液越多，脑皮层萎缩得就越多。
（65）结构分析：句子框架是In their report，the researchers speculated that…，certain brain structures…may stay intact to compensate for cortical shrinkage.本句中含有一个宾语从句，宾语从句中，比较级deeper than the cortex修饰主语certain brain structure；compensate for翻译为弥补。
参考译文：研究人员在报告中推，在接受过较多教育的人的大脑中，某些比脑皮层更深层次的结构可能完好无损，从而弥补脑皮层萎缩带来的损失。
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