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1.Define the Following Terms. Give an Example for Each(15) 1. Apostrophe 2. Oxymoron 3. Hyperbole 4. Antithesis 5. Zeugma II. Proofreading and Error Correction (15) The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of
1.Define the Following Terms. Give an Example for Each(15)
1. Apostrophe
2. Oxymoron
3. Hyperbole
4. Antithesis
5. Zeugma
II. Proofreading and Error Correction (15)
The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:
For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.
For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧”sign and write the
Word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.
For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash“/”and put the word in the
Blank provided at the end of the line.
Air quality in Britain has improved considerably in the last 30years. Total emissions of smoke in the air have risen by over 85 per cent since 1950. The domestic 1、 smoking control program has been particularly 2、 Important in achieving this result. London and other
Major cities are no longer have the dense smoke-laden 3、
“smogs” of the 1950s but in central London winter 4、 Sunshine has increased about 70 per cent since 1958. 5、
Since 1990, daily air pollution data from the British
Monitoring network has been made appropriate to the 6、
Public by the Department of the Environment’s Air
Quality Bulletins. These give the concentrations of three
Main pollutant-ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur
Dioxide- and grade air quality on a scale between “very
Weak” and “very good”. The information features in 7、
Television and radio weather reports, appears in many 8、
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National and local newspapers. Therefore, the data are 9、
available on a special free telephone number and on
videotext systems.
A comprehensive review of the issue of urban air
quality was published in January 1992. Three
independent committees of which experts have been 10、
established to advise on different aspects of the
problem, and will set guidelines And targets for air
quality. The network is also being extended and
upgraded at A cost of &10 million.
III． Reading Comprehension (30)
(1)
In June 1997 a great financial crisis burst out in Thailand. It is because Thailand has poured nearly 30 per cent of its total loans into real estate market since 1992 and most of the loans have failed to be taken by now. It is not strange that investments in real estates are considered to be full of risks.
But what on earth is risk? In Longman dictionary “ risk” is defined as a danger or something that may have a bad result. But this definition is not comprehensive. Risk at least includes two sides-danger and safety. In fact the nature of risk is the degree of safety and security. The lower the degree is , the more dangerous it is. If one opens the dictionary, one can easily find many words that express the similar idea of risk, e.g. Danger, hazard, and crisis. All these words show different levels of safety under different circurnstances.
Risks exist everywhere. When one goes to the market, for example, he will have to take care whether the food is fresh or not. Here exists a risk. Risk are an unavoidable part of life. They stem from rare events such as earthquakes and fires or form slowly accumulating effects of exposure to hazardous conditions and probably cause loss of property, even loss of life.
Facing risks, human beings are not at a loss what to do. Many ways have been found out to reduce risk to a tolerable level. In the past, people suffered a lot from sudden attacks of typhoon. Now a modern warning system has been established to warn people before a typhoon comes. Public awareness of hazards and appropriate response contribute to reduction of loss. But accompanied with risks, there usually are special profits. The more risky it is ,the more profits it may bring, especially in financial fields in which businesses largely depend on credits. The less risky it is, the less benefit it may produce, which in some way still means loss. Then a problem occurs. That is how to obtain benefits to maximum with the minimum of risk and how to reach the balance between risk and benefit. People usually call it risk-management.
Observing laws may help investors to gain the protection of the government which is the most powerful and dependable guarantee. But as no key can open every lock, codes can only deal with specific
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hazards. So it is necessary of personal experience and expert advice to make up for the weakness. Personal experience and expert advice include past performances, professional education and training, and communication with policy makers, facility owners and users. For years, personal experience and expert advice have been widely used in managing risk and have proved to be very useful and practicable. During the process of designing Shanghai Pudong Airport in 1959, a coastologist, after careful investigation and scientific analyses, came up with the suggestion that the airport should be built on the sea beach instead of behind the sea wall.
Later this suggestion proved to be practicable and saved 360 million yuan. With the emergence of now computer based tools new methods of managing risk are continuously coming out of universities and research laboratories into general application. To achieve better safety and more benefits at reasonable costs people should also improve their self-qualities continuously to keep up with the technique development. In addition, both the government and the public should not only adopt risk-based approach but also be fully prepared to deal effectively with potentially severe risks.
Taking these measures can not only help to identify weakness earlier, but also help to respond more correctly to new hazards or increasing risks. These will mean safety and benefit to be achieved.
1. What is the nature of risk according to the text?
A. A danger or something that may have a bad result.
B. The degree of safety and risk.
C. Hazardous conditions that probably cause loss of property, or even loss of life.
D. All of the above.
2. What does risk management deal with?
A. It deals with the problem of balancing risk and benefit.
B. It uses high tech to minimize risks.
C. It aims to allocate resources reasonably so as to reduce risk to the minimum.
D. Its main task is to collect adequate data and analyse the data.
3. What are the main sources of information?
A. Expert advice.
B. Government.
C. Personal experience.
D. All of the above.
4. To attain safety and obtain more benefits, people should .
A. Continuously improve themselves to keep up with the technical development
B. Consult experts from time to time.
C. Adopt a risk-based approach
D. Respond quickly and correctly to hazards and risks.
(2)
What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends, of course, on the meaning of “future”. If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age, it is at least possible
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to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H.G. Wells onwards, have had little to ay on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every conceivable apparatus to make life smooth, healthy and easy, if not happy. But they have not said what his house will be made of . perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered or invented at least. One may be certain that bricks and mortar will long have gone out of fashion.
But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out unless something is done either to restrict the world’s rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food(or both ) millions of people will be dying of starvation or at the best suffering from underfeeding before this century is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housing can be light structure or in backward areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind and in the teeming, building towns the low-standard “housing” of flattened petrol cans and dirty cans is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated.
Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation. Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor and disease and the spread crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements are rising at n astonishing speed. But Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem, because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education. Transport, hospital services, drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may gave the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease.
5. What is the author’s opinion of housing problems in the first paragraph?
A. They may be completely solved at sometime in the future.
B. They are unimportant and easily dealt with.
C. They will not be solved until a new building material has been discovered.
D. They have been dealt with in detail in books describing the future.
6. The writer is certain that in the distant future
A. bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building material
B. a new building material will have been invented
C. bricks and mortar will not be used by people who want their house to be fashionable
D. a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered
7. The writer believes that the biggest problem likely to face the world before the end of the century
A. is difficult to foresee
B. will be how to feed the growing population
C. will be how to provide enough houses in the hottest parts of the world
D. is the question of finding enough ground space
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(3)
Beginning with the earliest pioneers, Americans have always highly valued their freedoms, and fought hard to protect them. And yet, there a basic freedom that Americans are in danger of losing –is freedom to be one’s best. The freedom to be one’s best is the chance for the development of each person to his highest power. I believe it has started slipping away from us because of three misunderstandings.
First, the misunderstanding of the meaning of democracy. The principal of great. Philadelphia high school is driven to cry for help in combating the notion that it is undemocratic to run a special program of studies for outstanding boys and girls. Again, when a good independent school in Memphis recently closed, some thoughtful citizens urged that it be taken over by the public school system and used for boys and girls of high ability. That it have entrance requirements and give an advanced program of studies to superior students who were interested and bale to take it. The proposal was rejected because it was undemocratic! Thus courses are geared to the middle of the class. The good student is unchallenged bored. The loafer receives his passing grade. And the lack of an outstanding course for the outstanding student, the lack of a standard which a boy or girl must meet, passes for democracy.
The second misunderstanding concerns what makes for happiness. The aims of our present-day culture are avowedly ease and material well-being: shorter hours; a shorter week; more return for less accomplishment; more softsoap excuses and fewer honest, realistic demands. In our schools this is reflected by the vanishing hickory stick and the emerging psychiatrist. The hickory stick had its faults, and the psychiatrist has his strengths. But the our softening standards bring happiness? It is our sound and considered judgment that the tougher subjects of the classics and mathematics should be thrown aside, as suggested by some educators, for doll-playing? Small wonder that Charles Malik, Lebanese delegate at the U.N., writes:“ These is in the West (in the United States )a general weakening of moral fiber. ”(Our )leadership does not seem to be adequate to the unprecedented challenges of the age.”
The last misunderstanding is in the area of values. Here are some of the most influential tenets of teacher education over the past fifty years: there is no eternal truth; there is no alsolute moral law; there is no God. Yet all of history has taught us that the denial of these ultimates, the placement of man or state at the core of the universe, results in a paralyzing mass selfishness; and the first signs of it are already frighteningly evident.
Arnold Toynbee has said that all progress, all development come from challenge and a consequent response. Without challenge there is no response, no development, no freedom. So frist we owe to our children the most demanding, challenging curriculum that is within their capabilities. Michelangelo did not learn to paint by spending his time doodling. Mozart was not an accomplished pianist at the age of eight as the result of spending his days in front of a television set. Like Eve Curie, like Helen Keller, they responded to the challenge of their lives by a disciplined training, and they gained a new freedom.
The second opportunity we can give our boys and girls is the right to failure. “Freedom is not only a privilege, it is a test”, writes DE Nouy. What kind of a test is it , what kind of freedom where no one can fail? The day is past when the United States can afford to give high school diplomas to all who sit through
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four years of instruction, regardless of whether any visible results can be discerned. We live in a narrowed world where we must be alert, awake to realism; and realism demands a standard which either must be met or result in failure. There are hard words, but they are brutally true. If we deprive our children of the right to fail we deprive them of their knowledge of the world as it is.
Finally, we can expose our children to the best values we have found. By relating our lives to the evidences of the ages, by judging our philosophy in the light of values that history has proven truest, perhaps wee shall be able to produce that ringing message, full of content and truth, satisfying the mind, appealing to the heart, firing the will, a message on which one can stake his whole life. This is the message that could mean joy and strength and leadership-freedom as opposed to serfdom.
8.The metaphor “the vanishing hickory stick and the emerging psychiatrist” suggests that American school tend to misbehaving children rather than them.
A punish….educate
B forgive…discipline
C humor….challenge
9. From some educators’ suggestion that tougher subjects be thrown aside for doll-playing, it can be seen that they want American schools to children rather than them.
A soften….challenge
B ignore….befriend
C amuse…educate
10. The word “it” in the fourth paragraph refers to
A the denial of all ultimate values
B the core of the universe
C a paralyzing mass selfishness
IV Translation (50)
1. Translate the following into Chinese.
In key Western capitals there is a deep sense of unease about the future. The confidence that the West would remain a dominant force in the 21st century, as it has for the past four of five centuries, is giving way to a sense of foreboding that forces like the emergence of fundamentalist Islam, the rise of East Asia and the collapse of Russia and Eastern Europe could pose real threats to the West. A siege mentality is developing. Within these troubled walls, Samuel P.Huntington’s essay “The Clash of Civilizations?”is bound to resonate. It will therefore come as a great surprise to many Westerners to learn that the rest of the world fears the West even more than the West fears it, especially the threat posed by a wounded West.
Huntington is right :power is shifting among civilizations. But when the tectonic plates of the world history move in a dramatic fashion, as they do now, perceptions of these changes depend on where one stands. They key purpose of this essay is to sensitize Western audience to the perception of the world.
The retreat of the West is not universally welcomed. There is still no substitute for Western leadership, especially American leadership. Sudden withdrawals of American support from Middle Eastern of Pacific allies, albeit unlikely, could trigger massive changes that no one would relish. Western retreat could be as damaging a s Western domination.
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2. Translate the following into English.
最令人怵目惊心的一件事，是看着钟表上的秒针一下一下的移动，每移动一下就是表示我们的寿命已经缩短了一部分。再看看墙上挂着的可以一张张撕下的日历，每天撕下一张就是表示我们的寿命缩短了一天。因为时间即生命。没有人不爱惜他的生命，但很少人珍视他的时间，如果想在有生之年做一点事，学一点什么学问，充实自己，帮助别人，使生命成为有意义，不虚此生，那么就不可浪费光阴。这道理人人都懂，可是很少人真能积极不懈的善为利用他的时间。
我自己就是浪费了很多时间的一个。我不打麻将，我经常的听戏看电影，几年中难得一次，我不长时间看电视，通常只看半个小时，我不串门子闲聊天。有人问我：“那么你大部分时间都做了些什么呢？”我痛自反省，我发现，除了职务上的必须及情上的所不能免的活动之外，我的时间大部分都浪费了。我应该集中精力，读我所未读过的书，我应该利用所有时间，写我所要写的东西。但是我没能这样做，我的好多时间都糊里糊涂的混过去了，“少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。”
V．Writing (40)
Directions: You are required to write no less than 300 words on the topic given below:
Essential Qualities for a Postgraduate Student