注释:

[1]Texas v. Johnson. 109 S. Ct. 2533. 1989. 以下的案例分别引自Freedom of Speech in the United States以及the First Amendment and the Fourth Estate和the Constitution and the Flag三本书，下面不再一一注明。

[2]Giboney v. Empire Storageand Ice Co. ，336U. S. 490（1949）, at 502. 引自Freedom of Speech in the United States, by Thomas L. Tedford, Mcgrow Hill, Inc, 1985, P. 286.

[3]Cox v. Louisiana（I）379 U. S. 536（1965）, at 555，ibid, P. 286.

[4]ibid, P. 286.

[5]Melville B. Nimmer, The Meaning of Symbolic Speech Under the First Amendment, The Constitution and the Flag, Grland Publishing, Inc. P. 34.

[6]Sromberg v. California, 283U. S. 359（1931）.

[7]West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319U. S. 624（1943）.

[8]Lackland H. Bloom Jr: Barnette and Johnson: A Tale of Two Opinions, note 25, 载The Constitution and the Flag, vol: 2, Garland Publishing, Inc, 1993. P. 420.

[9]C. Ogden & I. Richard: The Meaning of Meaning, 转引自The Constitution and the Flag, P.61.

[10]Calvin R. Massey: Pure Symbol and the First Amendment, 载the Constitution and the Flag，P.253.

[11]The Meaning of Symbolic Speech Under The First Amendment, The Constitution and the Flag，P.89.

[12]United States v. O’brien, 391U. S. 367（1968）.

[13]Freedom of Speech in the United States，P.288.

[14]Street v. New York，394U. S. 576（1969）.

[15]Radich v. New York，401. U. S. 531（1971）.

[16]Smith v. Goguen，415. U. S. 566（1974）.

[17]Spence v. Washington, 418. U. S. 405（1974）.

[18]Freedom of Speech in the United States, P.293.

[19]Kime v. United States（1982）.

[20]同注[1]。

[21]引自The Meaning of Symbolic Speech Under The First Amendment，P.74.

[22]参见nimmer，P.65-66.

[23]Gitlow v. U. S. 268U. S. 652（1925）.

[24]杰罗姆·巴伦、托马斯·迪恩斯：《美国宪法概论》,中国社会科学出版社，1995年版，186页。

[25]“伍德对佐治亚州”，参见《大众传播法概要》，中国社会科学出版社，1997年版，10页。一说是在1969年的“布兰登堡对俄亥俄”见Freedom of Sppech in the United States，P.94.

[26]《大众传播法概要》，11页。

[27]Emerson，The System of Freedom of Expression New York: Random House，1970，P.3.

[28]参见The First Amendment And the Fourth Estate－The Law of Mass Media, T. Barton Carter, Mare A. Franklin, Jay B. Wright. The Foudation Press, Inc. 1994, Sixth Edition. P.43.

[29]引文及主要论述参见Thirty Five years With Freedom of Speech（New York: Roger N. Baldwin, Civil Liberties Foundation, 1952. P.4.）

[30]The Law of Public Communication, by Kent R. Middleton/Bill F. Chamberlin, Congman Publishing Group. P.27.

[31]参见www. freedomforum. org的相关报道。

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